Hedging and Risk Management Essay - 550 Words

Hedging and Risk Management (Essay Sample) Content: Hedging and risk managementStudentInstitutionHedging is a risk management procedure aimed at limiting the likelihood of loss from fluctuations in the prices of commodities, currencies, or securities. Hedging is a transfer of risk without purchasing an insurance policy. Considering the losses experienced by GM in Japan, the company should hedge before entering Russia (Lessambo, 2013).Hedging before entering Russia will ensure the continued flow of cash for GM. Price instability has an unfriendly impact on the income streams and can upset money streams. Hedging protects organizations from such unpredictable value developments, and guarantees continuous and stable income streams.According to lessambo (2013), Hedging can encourage capital investment in the new market. By locking input costs, GM will have the capacity to secure itself against the rising operating expenses, and hence, makes solid arrangements for capital development and extension.Considering Russia is a new market for GM, hedging will lower its tax liabilities. This is the most visible strategic reason for hedging among large firms, the immediate impact tax liabilities on firms. Russia is a new market with a completely new taxation system (Lessambo, 2013).Hedging before entering Russia will ensure good governance in the company (Lessambo, 2013). In case of a disagreement between the GM managers and the shareholder, on risk management policies, hedging permits a way out of this dichotomy. By driving a wedge between risks that are external to the firm from those that are internal and afterward building a well thoroughly considered out Risk Management Policy that looks to exchange avoidable dangers out of the firm in a straightforward way, hedging can outline between the two sorts of risks. Hedging will also enable GM investors to segregate between legitimate and reckless risk-taking, management behavior in the new market.I conclude that GM should hedge before entering Russia for this wi ll put the company in a better position to compete reducing risks and challenges in a new market. Hedging will also enable the company to avert losses it has experienced in the other market such as Japan. FX risk is the risk of investment worth changing because of changes in cash trade rates. The risk that an investor will need to finish off a long or short position in an outside cash at a misfortune because of an unfavorable development in return rates. There are different ways of hedging FX risk.A currency swap is one of the methods and it involves parties (Lessambo, 2013). The involved parties agree to swap the equal amount of money (called the principal) and the interest rates over a fixed period. The principal is usually a loan or a credit to one of the involved parties. Interest rates are swapped at one-year intervals and this...

Finding Good Microeconomic Essay Topics

Discovering Good Microeconomic Essay TopicsMicroeconomic article subjects to assist you with creating and procedure data rapidly while grasping new ideas. Points that can be utilized in this sort of composing incorporate business, financial aspects, brain science, life, sexual orientation, society, and the environment.Nowadays, an expanding number of secondary school understudies are composing papers, and understudies have gotten very adroit at composing expositions. Be that as it may, it is difficult to compose long scholastic papers when contrasted with short papers. A solitary passage exposition containing numerous sentences and sections, regardless of how great it is, can't contend with an increasingly mind boggling work.The web gives adequate space to understudies to post their thoughts and decisions for themes that can shape the premise of their paper. For whatever length of time that you can compose a connecting with and fascinating subject and utilize a novel topic, at that p oint the odds of getting an ideal perusing from the instructor are probably going to be high.The significance of utilizing great article themes for understudies to compose their papers is notable. However, most understudies can't set aside the effort to consider what they need to compose. Article points are significant on the grounds that these decide the sort of paper you will submit to school, and whether you will pass or fail.A understudy who truly needs to get passing marks will think that its difficult to respond to that question. Nonetheless, you should be mindful so as not to depend a lot regarding your matter information. Understudies ought to be urged to broaden their composition by utilizing what they think about their class.For microeconomic article themes, understudies ought to give the name of their preferred writer or maybe only a thought. The decision of composing topic, topic all in all and your composing style ought to be completely coordinated. On the off chance th at conceivable, attempt to consolidate these components so that there is a harmony among topic and style. The subject should give the understudy a ton of thoughts that hecan talk about in the papers.Essays can not exclusively be distributed as the standard sorts of expositions yet in addition composed as a piece of reports, business courses, and proposal. At the point when understudies utilize these themes in their papers, they will clearly concoct drawing in papers that will stand apart among others.

The Hidden Truth About Interview Paper Essay Samples Uncovered

<h1> The Hidden Truth About Interview Paper Essay Samples Uncovered </h1> <h2>Getting the Best Interview Paper Essay Samples </h2> <p>Admission paper composing is a kind of article writing where you must create an exposition design report as an approach to discover affirmation in a college or school. By and large, educators solicit understudies to have a great deal from sources in book index. Begin looking into, and begin writing!</p> <p>These seven article thoughts may make your conversation exposition great and ensure that you get the perfect evaluation on your paper. This example talk with paper can assist you with bettering comprehend the strategy for exposition composing and you'll have an away from of the manner in which the meeting article should be organized. Investigate our article adjustment support. Step 3Focus to make the exposition in the following way. </p> <h2>Here's What I Know About Interview Paper Essay Samples </h2> <p>To close, scholarly composing is similar to different capacities, and careful discipline brings about promising results. This paper will focus on the current relocation patterns and movement in the US. For example, it is preposterous to expect to transform into a specialist, instructor or legal counselor without having the suitable degree. The achievement of the paper to a great extent is needy upon the understudy's capacity to convince. </p> &l t;p>Now our absolute best exposition composing administrations specialists suggest that you do this with the help of a pen and paper instead of on your PC or tablet. You can't make an extraordinary paper working with the main source as it presents a data utilizing it's own supposition. Having an intensive comprehension of the data and thoughts is fundamental to have powerful correspondence in light of the fact that. There's consistently an interest for Sales given that business is near and what's more, there are such huge numbers of choices to go into. </p> <h2> The Most Popular Interview Paper Essay Samples </h2> <p>Second, the work showcase is turning out to be increasingly serious, and at times there are handfuls and many candidates for a solitary situation in an association. The primary explanation I talked with two men that are high up in deals is on the grounds that that is a field which I would consider investigating and getting into. Here and there understudies trust it isn't worth to choose for while some believe it's a predominant choice. A few people today feel it is never right to keep on keeping creatures in bondage, for instance in zoos. </p> <h2>The Battle Over Interview Paper Essay Samples and How to Win It </h2> <p>In the previous two years seat Hispanic focus affirmed the expansion of the unlawful settler populace in america has been steady. Among the most pervasive issues in our present reality is the matter of deforestation. Despite the fact that some state totally free open transportation would help the earth and lessening traffic, others think no cost open transportation is excessively expensive, and the administration can't stand to cover it. A few people accept that understudies who accomplish the absolute best scholarly outcomes should be remunerated. </p> <p>It is encouraged to take a shot at a composition consistently to forestall losing recognition with the guide. Ensure that your draft talks about and covers various features of the issue and gives a peruser with a precise foundation subtleties. Doing a diagram this design where you will be sure that you have included to your paper all you needed. It is called application paper as it contains the mix of article and application positions. </p> <p>Then using the significant on your view focuses make a blueprint. A genuine case of soundness is a contention with no irregularities. Be incredulous of mixing up the emphasis of a specific finding for a translation since it may confound the peruser. Furnishing the peruser with the crucial synopsis of the association of the conversation ensures that the surge of thought is comprehended in the whole article body. </p> <p>Try all that you can to form your article in an alternate and fascinating manner so it can stand out among others. Proceeding with precisely the same string of case of outsiders existing, you should find enough issue to both contend they exist along with challenge the straightforward actuality which they do. The end just ought to be brief there isn't any need to repeat everything which has been said previously. At the point when you're picking your subject, recall that it's a lot less complex to expound on something which you directly have intrigue ineven in the event that you don't have the foggiest idea about a decent arrangement about it. </p> <p>You ought to go over the two sides impartially, depicting a few focuses on each side, and give your very own view in the end. In many occurrences, you're not foreseen to choose any side of the contention. In the event that you picked to pick a particular side of the contention, you would need to show your decision on the contention. Inspect the two sides and give your conclusion. </p> <h2> The 5-Minute Rule for Interview Paper Essay Samples </h2> <p>Researching the theme will allow you to discover increasingly about what interests you, and should you pick something you genuinely like, composing the article will be progressively pleasant. Scholars attempt to achieve different things in different articles. Truth be told the authors comprehend that the outcome of the conversation is reliant upon the conversation paper points that grasp gigantic field for examination, concerning an assortment of subtleties of the life. </p> <p>It is desirable over choose a field you're keen on, as you will be increasingly OK with something you're acceptable at. To finish fair conversation paper one should gather limit of data with respect to the subject issue. You ought to investigate either side of the issues encompassing the conversation exposition point, so ensure that you have access to great research that provisions appropriate subtleties. In the event that you weren't alloted a specific theme then you will need to picked an easy to refute question yourself. </p>

What Is Child Labor Research Paper Topics

What Is Child Labor Research Paper Topics?Many individuals have inquiries concerning kid work explore paper subjects. Here are a few answers. A portion of the more typical points that guardians and teachers get some information about include:There are a few angles to youngster work explore, some of which have to do with gathering information, some of which manage directing reviews, and some of which manage giving a wide scope of alternatives for understudies who need to seek after a profession in instruction. There are two distinct classes of research, ordinarily called examination and assessment. In an examination study, which should be possible both by specialists and by understudies, analysts talk with youngsters who have been utilized in the assembling business, for the most part at a work-study program, and afterward lead tests that are intended to assess how they perform at their jobs.Research in the assessment classification of kid work research would see how well understudies master during classes and how well instructors in those classes educate. Instructors and different teachers are in some cases requested to experience an instructional class for teachers who need to attempt this technique for assessment. What's more, in an assessment of understudies, explore here would incorporate things like tests and assessment of the understudies' comprehension of the material taught.A barely any years back, scientists directed a huge report that took a gander at understudy execution in math. The examination was broad to such an extent that it had the option to draw on data from a wide range of fields including science, business, expressions, training, and even the web. Numerous individuals have asked whether understudies' inspiration, confidence, and different components influence their math performance.Recent considers have indicated that confidence has a solid relationship with the capacity to do math. While instructors may feel that understudies need to learn math, guardians and teachers by and large concur that understudies need to feel they can accomplish the work, and that they have the right stuff to do it.Other issues have likewise been raised in the past in regards to race and its connection to understudy execution in math. Kids with a background marked by misuse or different issues, for example, family shakiness or poor nourishment have demonstrated a drop in execution in math. Scientists have taken a gander at the job of sex according to math execution and found that young ladies reliably outscored young men on math tests.Education inquire about paper themes can change extraordinarily relying upon what sort of research is being finished. In any case, every one of them do make them thing in like manner: data is significant when leading exploration in the field of training.

Medicare For All - Why 2020 Should Be the Year of Medicare For All

Medicare For All - Why 2020 Should Be the Year of Medicare For AllThe Medicare for All Health Care Topic Paper is the last long form essay to be submitted for the National Nursing and Midwifery Council. As the Supreme Court decisions result in longer wait times for primary care physicians, more Americans are now seeking care out of the local hospital setting or traveling to reach their doctors. The current healthcare system has been designed to address the needs of the uninsured, and the U.S. population is now steadily aging, meaning that the elderly population needs more healthcare coverage.The National Nurse and Midwifery Council is a professional body of registered nurses. The Topic Paper for the upcoming session is intending to apply the latest scientific discoveries and evidence in order to shape the future of care in America. The topics in the Topic Paper can include social and economic aspects of healthcare, the role of science in healthcare, ethical concerns, and the relation ship between pharmacists and physician jobs.The Issues is written by M.D. Schlosser, EdD, MSW, ICN, who were an important editor for the National Nurse and Midwifery Council's 2020 publication, 'Maternal Health in America: Promoting and Maintaining Women's Well-Being in the Postpartum Years.' Dr. Schlosser has dedicated her career to women's health. She received her Bachelor of Science degree in Women's Studies from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and an Honors Bachelors Degree in Nursing from the University of Minnesota.Dr. Schlosser writes about issues pertaining to pregnancy, adoption, childbirth, motherhood, prenatal care, maternal deaths, and critical data. The topics are not related to one another and are somewhat haphazard. This makes it easy for the reader to read at their own pace and provides the freedom to get caught up on the concepts and abstractions as you go.Because the Topic Paper deals with a wide variety of topics for Moms, Mothers, and Dads to discuss, it shou ld not be read at a speed that is hurried or disorganized. Consider if it is too wordy, because the topics are too long and complex. In fact, read this Topic Paper as a book, where you will find out the finer points in just a few minutes.When completing the Topic Paper, consider what questions to ask of yourself and how you will answer them. You might want to research the definitions of the terms and concepts you use. You can use Google to your advantage, as the keywords in the Topic Paper can help you when you are searching for a definition.Look at the Timeline for the Topic Paper to ensure that the chapters are consistent throughout the publication. Be sure that you have an adequate amount of time to read the book. The Topic Paper can take an hour or more to finish, so don't wait until the last minute!Remember, the National Nurse and Midwifery Council are publishing this novel as a multi-author work. Do not expect to finish the Topic Paper in a day or two. It will be a bit longer than what you expect, but then it is for a good cause, and is a great opportunity to sharpen your thinking and to receive feedback from fellow writers.

How to Choose Welfare Essay Topics

<h1>How to Choose Welfare Essay Topics</h1><p>Welfare exposition themes ought to be applicable to your own circumstance and what you need to escape your government assistance meet. On the off chance that you are attempting to comprehend why government assistance awards are so well known, your point may incorporate the issues the legislature has with a portion of its approaches and projects, for example, the work prerequisite. You will likewise need to look into your state's prerequisites and rules to guarantee that you have a strong comprehension of what you can hope to receive.</p><p></p><p>Your paper will likewise need to deliver what you plan to pick up from the cash you get. Would it be a good idea for you to simply need to improve your odds of fitting the bill for other government assistance benefits? Or on the other hand would it be a good idea for you to utilize it to settle your obligation, improve your FICO assessment, or improve you r way of life? To put it plainly, your paper should give you an away from of how you intend to utilize the money.</p><p></p><p>The point you decide for your government assistance article ought to be identified with your case and not simply the reasons why government assistance is significant. Ensure you spread whatever number applicable focuses as could be expected under the circumstances. Clarify the purposes behind your present situation and what might improve your present circumstance. At that point clarify why you think your case is not quite the same as those of other people who have been met for government assistance assistance.</p><p></p><p>Once you are done, make a point to catch up with each government assistance candidate. You ought to have the option to stay in contact with any of the candidates after you are finished composing the article. A few people may be increasingly hesitant to discuss their own circumstances, yet it is imperative to keep them educated about your progress.</p><p></p><p>Most candidates are anxious to round out their government assistance application. So make certain to offer your administrations on the off chance that you are an independent essayist. Frequently, they won't recognize what you offer or what you can accomplish for them. So exploiting this will be an incredible deal.</p><p></p><p>It is a smart thought to present an English language exposition to all administration organizations that handle social government assistance programs. On the off chance that you are applying for an award, at that point you may be solicited to finish a number from papers so as to demonstrate your qualification. The organization will peruse these articles and evaluate your advancement as a beneficiary. They will be searching for explicit things, for example, spelling and language structure botches, truthful mistakes, and comparable issues.</p& gt;<p></p><p>Your government assistance exposition points should be exact. Ensure you think of them cautiously and decisively. You ought to likewise guarantee that you inquire about the theme a long time before you begin composing. Keep in mind, it is essential to give them a fair and genuine record of your situation.</p><p></p><p>There are various sites where you can scan for assets and approaches to help you in finishing your government assistance exposition points. These locales ought to have the option to furnish you with an assortment of thoughts and assets for better instruction on the most proficient method to compose a successful article. Discover what others are stating about different paper subjects and how to expound on them to help you on your approach to improving government assistance grant.</p>

Tips For Writing Five Paragraph Persuasive Essay

<h1>Tips For Writing Five Paragraph Persuasive Essay</h1><p>You might be considering how to compose five passage enticing paper. There are numerous incredible tips that you can use to assist you with composing this kind of exposition and pass it with flying colors.</p><p></p><p>First of all, you should ensure that you go over this thought before you start composing your section influential article. This is a decent method to ensure that you are set up to give a discourse or present some sort of introduction before your audience.</p><p></p><p>The first tip that you will need to follow when composing your section enticing exposition is to be explicit and compose the most ideal portrayal that you can for the crowd that you are composing for. Remember that the peruser ought to have the option to relate this specific theme to what they definitely know.</p><p></p><p>Another tip that you will need to r ecollect when composing your passage powerful paper is to keep the data short and to the point. The purpose behind this is you will need to ensure that you are just utilizing data that will permit the peruser to have the option to recall the subject for future reference. In the event that the exposition gets excessively long, at that point it may really wind up losing the purpose of the essay.</p><p></p><p>The last tip that you will need to follow is to give however much supporting proof as could be expected. You can give pictures, outlines, information, and whatever else that you think will enable the peruser to recollect the subject. Be that as it may, don't leave yourself open to allegations from your crowd on the off chance that you don't give enough verification to back up what you are stating.</p><p></p><p>Finally, composing the paper is one of the most significant strides all the while. Without having the best possible musings, words, and language structure down, you won't have the option to assemble the idea of your piece. The individual that you are composing for will have the option to perceive what you are attempting to state, yet they won't can comprehend it completely.</p><p></p><p>Finally, to finish up, toward the finish of the last passage, you need to be certain that you incorporate the data that you have given. This will guarantee that the peruser will know precisely what you are attempting to state and will consider the possibility that you have given extremely helpful. Recollect that this kind of paper is a way to an end.</p>

Key Pieces of Essay Samples Abortion

<h1> Key Pieces of Essay Samples Abortion </h1> <h2> Where to Find Essay Samples Abortion </h2> <p>You likewise need to characterize this issue in the presentation so the peruser can get a thought of what it is that they will peruse. Discussing dominance, as in various different undertakings throughout everyday life, it expects practice to form into an ace recorded as a hard copy. You can find a better article composing organization than direct you through the paper composing process. In the event that you must create a paper about premature birth, there are numerous way to assemble it, in light of your own perspective and your task necessities. </p> <p>The final product is that there will be individuals that are impartial or uninformed on premature birth while some choose to help premature births as others restrict the demonstration. Furthermore, it will set a reasonable thought regarding what security in an absolutely free society is. For B uddhists, plainly the best technique to quit enduring because of fetus removal is to ensure phenomenal instruction notwithstanding lawful availability to solid, protected and minimal effort contraception. When concluding whether to take an interest in pre-marriage sex, it's critical to the individual to find out how it will affect them. </p> <h2> Essay Samples Abortion at a Glance</h2> <p>The points of interest and burdens of the discussion encompassing fetus removal will be dissected to introduce a succinct examination of the issue. It very well may be hard to set up when a section incorporates premises and ends. In outline, fetus removal has numerous individuals on either side of the contention. For instance, the clarifications for leading premature births should be in particular sections from the passages clarifying the procedure. </p> <p>When a lady gets pregnant, it's commonly her very own result decisions, in any event, when pregnancy is und esirable or impromptu. Set forth plainly, the lady is tolerating the basic truth a pregnancy may originate from her having unprotected sex. It is likewise practical that undesirable pregnancy is the result of wellbeing troubles or failure to help a child. Pregnancy isn't something a lady decides to happen. </p> <h2>Most Noticeable Essay Samples Abortion </h2> <p>To the opposite, against capital punishment contentions should get evaluated fundamentally, as, the strict contention. One of indisputably the most significant contentions for capital punishment is that it will assist with preventing capital wrongdoings. It recommends that there is a limit that ought not be exceeded. Likewise, capital punishment could kill the issue of flooding detainment facilities. </p> <p>Abortion is among the most easy to refute and questionable issues that exist today in our general public. It is one of the most dubious and begging to be proven wrong issue. It is a st raightforward and safe system on the off chance that it is finished via prepared clinical laborers during the principal trimester. It is a mind boggling issue with numerous people bantering about its lawfulness, regardless of whether it is murder, the harsh techniques used to complete the system effectively, and the different clinical and wellbeing circumstances that help the fetus removal practice. </p> <p>Another motivation behind why I don't generally accept premature births should be done is because of the numerous dangers required for the lady experiencing the fetus removal. The third visit, about two or after three weeks, can choose whether the premature birth was finished or if further medical procedure is basic. As of now said previously, there are bunches of issues to talk about when it respects the fetus removal question. There are different stands hung on the issue of fetus removal. </p> <h2>The History of Essay Samples Abortion Refuted </h2> <p>The ensuing pregnancy is her obligation and is a prompt outcome of her activities in spite of the fact that the pregnancy might be undesirable. You must cause them to relate. Despite what might be expected, a lower criminal rate reduces the support.</p> <p>Absolutely free Abortion paper tests are offered on FreeEssayHelp with no installment or enlistment. My paper is isolated into three sta ndard segments, the presentation, the human body and the end. The exposition isn't the most straightforward undertaking to ace. There are a few modest altered article composing organizations. </p>

The Wrong War College Essay is Not the Answer to Getting a Job

<h1>The Wrong War College Essay isn't the Answer to Getting a Job</h1><p>Getting an occupation without going to class is essentially incomprehensible. Regardless of what program you join in or what school you pick, your resume and introductory letter must be proficient. In case you're not keen enough to compose it, nobody else is. However, there's something else entirely to composing an exposition than making it look professional.</p><p></p><p>I used to accept that a war school article should have been 100% unique. Since they are a corporate-driven world, they couldn't care less how diligently you attempt to follow their organization. Therefore, traversing the entirety of your homework isn't a choice in light of the fact that the main individual who has the 'aptitude' to do it right is you. Also, that is not fair.</p><p></p><p>Even however the war school paper can be tedious, it's not something that must be composed an d afterward attempted to retain in seven days. There are approaches to make it more engaging.</p><p></p><p>One approach to make a war school article less tedious is to utilize a layout. Indeed, there are handfuls out there that will permit you to do only that. They have various foundations, characters, and perspectives on the themes that will assist you with making an extraordinary point of view for each segment. Simply compose the paper from the point of view of somebody with your equivalent experience.</p><p></p><p>A war school article is additionally significantly more fascinating on the off chance that you center around things you can identify with. Like the military. On the off chance that you knew nothing about the military previously, you can discover by perusing a few books. Or on the other hand in the event that you have a great deal of military companions, get some information about the preparation you encountered while servi ng. You may find that your encounters are similar.</p><p></p><p>After you've made sense of how you're going to structure your exposition, keep it short. It very well may be a major assignment, on the off chance that you compose it in excessively long or excessively short. Take as much time as is needed to make sense of what ought to be said and don't let the thought overpower you. Above all, don't hurry through it. It isn't so much that time you need to dazzle anybody. It's simply the most effortless approach to get a job.</p><p></p><p>Your homework will prove to be useful later when you're in the military. Be that as it may, don't hold back to start the procedure. Rather, keep on composing expositions all through your military profession. Make it individual by concentrating on things you know and what you did during your administration. It'll assist you with remaining roused all through your military career.</p>

Which Law School Courses Should I Take

If you are a first-year student, your law school courses have probably been laid out for you, and this a good thing because the basics like Contracts, Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, Torts, Property, and Civil Procedure will lay the foundation for the rest of your law school career. One or more of these courses may appeal to you so much that you decide right then and there that you simply must take every related course over the next two years. When it’s time for registration, here are three pieces of advice on selecting your law school courses: Forget About the Bar Exam You will hear a lot of people, including advisors and professors, tell you to take the â€Å"bar courses,† i.e., those subjects that are covered on most, if not all, state bar exams. I agree with that—so long as you have an underlying interest in, say, business associations or contract remedies. Most â€Å"bar courses† are included in your first-year requirements anyway; for those subjects that aren’t covered, you will learn what you need to know for the bar exam from bar review materials and classes. This probably sounds strange, but it’s true: you will learn all the law you need to know for the bar exam in the two months preceding it. The best thing to do is to forget about the bar now while you’re in school and follow the next two pieces of advice in choosing your second and third-year courses and clinics. Select Topics That Interest You You may never have an opportunity to study certain subjects again, so if you’ve always wanted to learn more about white-collar and organized crime, have at it. If you have an underlying interest in environmental law, even if you don’t think you’ll make a career out of it, why not give the course a try? Literature and the law? No, it’s not on the bar exam, but you might enjoy it. If the courses you select are making you think and analyze (and all courses in law school will), they are preparing you for the bar exam and for a promising legal career. Two other potential bonuses: You just might get higher grades because you’re engaged in the course material, which will be looked upon kindly by future employers.You may even find yourself a new, exciting career path. Choose Great Professors Professors’ reputations are generally well-known in their schools, so seek out those â€Å"can’t miss† instructors, even if they’re teaching classes you otherwise wouldn’t be interested in. This goes slightly against the tip above, but if generations of law students have raved about a particular professor, you probably want to take a class with that professor no matter what it is. Great professors can make even the dullest subjects interesting and get you excited to go to class. Some of my favorite classes (and, incidentally, the ones I did the best in) were Property, Taxation, and Estate and Gift Tax. Because of the subject matter? Hardly. Remember that this is your law school education—not your advisor’s, not your professors’, and certainly not your parents’. You’ll never get these three years back, so make sure that you make the most out of your law school experience, something that begins with choosing the right classes for you. With careful course selection, you can enjoy three years that are not only intellectually stimulating and challenging but also fun. Choose wisely!

The Ways to Improve Informative Essay Topics

The Ways to Improve Informative Essay TopicsIn order to succeed in academic essays, you need to make sure that your informational essay topics are easy to understand. If the topic is too difficult, no one will be able to understand it and no one will care what you have to say. It is therefore crucial that you find a way to make your topic easy enough for readers to comprehend without having to spend their valuable time trying to figure out what you are talking about.One good idea is to use a common sense approach. It is hard to read, and if the essay topics don't make sense to most people, it makes it a whole lot easier to read the essay itself. Do not get fancy when writing your topics; the subject should simply tell the reader something they already know. Make sure the information provided is not confusing to the readers will stop and think before passing on to the next part of the essay.Try and avoid boring, dry topics when discussing informative explanatory essay topics. Instead, talk about things that are exciting or new in the world of knowledge. Use the new in this way to entice the reader into reading further. Start by describing a concept and then talk about how this concept applies to the main idea. For example, if you write an essay about how to start a new car business, you can take a concept from the topic and provide a very simple description that people can understand.The descriptive words you use should also be in relation to the main topic of the essay. Examples are 'common knowledge', 'fact', 'information', 'doctrine', etc. The use of adjectives should be to the point and accurate. Always make sure to stay true to your topic and avoid using needless wordage.Do not resort to jargon when writing informative topics. If you are trying to use jargon, do not make it too difficult for your readers to understand. Stick to straight facts and stick to simple terms to help people understand your essay better.One thing that should never be used in informa tive essay topics is plagiarism. If you want to create your own topic and write on it, but you are not sure how to present it properly, you may not use another essay to help you. If you copy the ideas from another author, make sure to put a link back to their website to avoid plagiarism. Avoid making yourself look like a fool by stealing another author's ideas.Another way to avoid plagiarism is to keep your informative essay topics short and sweet. Short topics are easier to understand, which means they are easier to plagiarize and therefore easier to get caught. Keep in mind that more words do not always equal better writing.There are many different ways to make informative essay topics easier to understand. The key is to remain focused on your topic and make sure to stick to your topic with precision. This will ensure that you can easily take readers' thoughts and retain them in your own memory and ability to write easily.

Essay Topics For Middle School

<h1>Essay Topics For Middle School</h1><p>You can compose paper themes for center school dependent on basic attributes that are found in all secondary school understudies. In spite of the fact that these can be genuinely broad, they do give a phenomenal method to begin your paper points for center school.</p><p></p><p>When you are composing this kind of article, it is important to show understudies the real issue or subject that is troubling them. This can assist understudies with understanding why they should make a decent attempt for their evaluations, and how troublesome the task might be. Also, the significance of making a decent attempt can be appeared to them all through the assignment.</p><p></p><p>Although the sythesis for this sort of exposition is genuinely simple, composing a clear paper subject for center school is more troublesome than the substance composing that they ordinarily get. Understudies frequent ly have issues having the option to characterize precisely what's up with the class. They likewise will in general experience more difficulty when discussing what they anticipate that the class should do to fix the problem.</p><p></p><p>However, similarly as with most subjects, you can discover numerous depictions of normal issues and subjects that are usually found in center school. You simply need to ensure that you can give them that there is an answer, regardless of whether it is a piece of the class plan, or that can be turned out at home. Your depictions will likewise help shield them from getting exhausted with the topic.</p><p></p><p>You should show your understudies that there isn't just a single method to fix the issues that are causing them worry in center school. They should be made mindful that there are numerous arrangements that exist, and that the school is really taking care of the issue. The main way that they can fin d out about these alternatives is by observing them.</p><p></p><p>Many issues that cause worry in center school can be fathomed by utilizing the entirety of the assets that the school brings to the table. A few zones where this can be found are by requesting exhortation from the advocate and whatever other advisor that you can discover. By cooperating, you can discover answers to the issues that center school understudies face. You ought to incorporate the choices that are offered in their conversation, just as the manners in which that you can help them.</p><p></p><p>Problems that are frequently disregarded, for example, the way that educators are terminated because of spending cuts, can be effectively illuminated by understudies. Approaching the school for help with this issue is typically the best choice. By utilizing what assets are accessible, it will likewise guarantee that they can fathom their own problems.</p><p>&l t;/p><p>A not many things that are frequently disregarded in center school are the significance of schoolwork and the way that these can be taken a shot at home. These can be comprehended by making a timetable and discovering great, quality work from home. Most schools will permit understudies to utilize the PC as long as it isn't associated with the internet.</p>

Check Out a List of Essay Topics For Hunter College High School Admissions Exam

<h1>Check Out a List of Essay Topics For Hunter College High School Admissions Exam</h1><p>The rundown of exposition themes for Hunter College High School Admissions Exam is one of the most significant pieces of your paper. Try not to go over the top when you take a gander at a rundown. There are approaches to trim it with the goal that the substance is intriguing and educational and yet they are anything but difficult to peruse. Let us discover what should be cut and how we can cut it without giving up its content.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you have to take a gander at when you choose to take a gander at a rundown of exposition points for Hunter College High School Admissions Exam is the means by which large the rundown is. You ought to pick themes that intrigue you and yet don't exhaust you. Be that as it may, there are a few subjects that ought to be discussed significantly more than the others. In this manner, you have to have a r undown which has a greater assortment of themes than the others.</p><p></p><p>The next thing you have to do is to check whether there are any subjects that you have to exclude when you pick Hunter College High School Admission Essay points for your school application. In the event that you have a rundown with in excess of eight subjects, don't spare a moment to go for the rundown which has at any rate twelve subjects or less. Notwithstanding, ensure that you likewise have a rundown with less subjects on the off chance that you can't bear to skirt any topic.</p><p></p><p>Another thing that you have to check is on the off chance that you have to decrease your evaluation guide normal all together toward increment your odds of getting conceded. In the event that you do, at that point you need to consider whether it is the ideal time to do as such. On the off chance that you are uncertain about whether it is the opportune time to lessen you r GPA, at that point go for the prior one. Be that as it may, you additionally need to check on the off chance that you need to diminish your GPA by making changes in your scholarly life.</p><p></p><p>Finally, in the event that you have just done as such and have decreased your GPA by rolling out certain improvements in your scholastic life, you have to consider whether you have to bring it up in request to get conceded. If so, at that point ensure that you check your evaluation point normal against the evaluation point normal of different understudies who didn't roll out any improvements in their scholarly life. In the event that you have An in the past subject, at that point you have just made a decent start.</p><p></p><p>As you see, the rundown of article themes for Hunter College High School Admissions Exam is one of the most significant pieces of your paper. Try not to be in a rush to traverse it. So check the rundown first before you look at whether you truly need to trim it.</p><p></p><p>Remember that the rundown of exposition themes for Hunter College High School Admissions Exam has an inseparable tie to getting an affirmation. On the off chance that you choose to put it all on the line, at that point you ought to pick subjects which are intriguing and useful and yet don't exhaust you.</p>

Sample of an Expository Essay Outline

Sample of an Expository Essay OutlineThere are many different ways to write a sample of an expository essay outline. But the most important things in writing an outline are your thoughts and opinions, your knowledge, your presentation, and your sense of style.First, you need to determine what kind of information you are going to cover in your sample. What is the information you want to present? Do you want to present a thesis or conclusion? If you are presenting a thesis, you should first define what is meant by this statement. For example, do you believe that night vision goggles were invented in 1947?Writing an outline of an expository essay requires you to think about what topics you want to discuss and how you are going to present your thoughts and opinions on these topics. It is also important to think about how you are going to use visuals and graphics. These are often included in outlines for academic writing, but they are not always necessary.The next part of the outline is t o write down your opinions on each of the topics you have chosen for your expository essay. By writing down your opinions, you are laying out how you feel about a particular topic. This will help readers remember that you actually cared about this topic.Once you have done this, you should also think about your knowledge about a particular topic before writing your expository essay. You should learn as much as you can about the topic. As you learn more, you will be able to express yourself more clearly in the expository essay. In addition, you will be able to differentiate yourself from others who write expositions about the same subject.Next, you should write down your writing style. It is important to write in a conversational style when writing your outline. You want to use words that show your knowledge of the topic. But you want to avoid using technical terms or lengthy sentences. The more knowledge you have about the topic, the less technical you can be.Finally, you should writ e down the conclusion of your essay in the middle of the main body. At this point, you should provide an overview of the main points in your expository essay. You may also want to provide a short introduction to the topic. You should end your paper with something that captures the reader's attention.Writing an outline of an expository essay is an important step towards writing a great essay. All it takes is the determination to write a great expository essay outline and some thought. Now that you know the basics, it is time to get started!

Tell Tale Heart Essay Topics

<h1>Tell Tale Heart Essay Topics</h1><p>Knowing what to write in a class for the obvious heart article subjects can be very precarious. Obviously, you won't have any desire to compose something that will humiliate you, however so as to guarantee that you are composing an article that is educational and persuading, you should initially choose some theme that you are energetic about.</p><p></p><p>Before you start composing your paper, you might need to examine what points are most appropriate for telling an obvious heart in a school class. You ought to have the option to find the entirety of the data that you need on the web. Make certain to do your examination completely, particularly in the event that you will compose a semester-long essay.</p><p></p><p>Do you need to sharpen your basic reasoning abilities or even simply figure out how to all the more likely communicate in composed structure? There are a few projects o ut there that can show you these significant exercises and will help you in getting ready for your large test that you have been fearing. You can take in everything from language structure to how to utilize the right measure of accentuation to give your peruser an away from of your point.</p><p></p><p>Learning about various themes and figuring out how to fuse these into your paper is an incredible assistance and you will make certain to get familiar with this significant aptitude. By learning this ability, you can dazzle your teachers and they will be increasingly able to permit you to take as much time as is needed and consider different subjects to figure out what themes you need to center on.</p><p></p><p>Keep as a primary concern that your fundamental goal is to arrive at a reasonable comprehension and not to attempt to confound your perusers. Recollect that numerous individuals think that its hard to get a handle on significant id eas when they are not educated in an organized way. Your objective ought to be to present to your perusers plainly and concisely.</p><p></p><p>There are a wide range of topics and configurations that you can use to express what is on your mind such that they can comprehend. For instance, a few subjects will concentrate on points that are basic or political while others will be all the more carefree and clever. In the event that you pick a point that doesn't fit into one of these classifications, you might have the option to transform it later on in the semester to all the more likely fit your theme and make it simpler for your colleagues to read.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you ought to do is discover which topic intrigues you the most. This will assist you with narrowing down your decisions. On the off chance that you are exceptionally modest, at that point maybe you will need to go for an increasingly genuine subject like a hum anities course, for example, English or Psychology.</p><p></p><p>There are a wide range of kinds of subjects that you can look over and each will give you an alternate perspective. These are only a couple of the obvious heart paper points that you can look over. In the event that you genuinely need to intrigue your educators, at that point you ought to take the necessary steps to have the option to come to your goal.</p>

How to Title College Papers: Strategies to Help You Learn How to Titles Your Paper

How to Title College Papers: Strategies to Help You Learn How to Titles Your PaperA few weeks ago, I was discussing how to title college papers with a fellow academic. The topic was best left as a passing thought, but the researcher in me wanted to get into the issue further. The fact that he was a faculty member at a state university suggested to me that this research might require more attention.I spent more than a decade working in the academic community. There is little doubt that the writer of the paper is a contributing author, even if the institution pays for it. So how is the research being presented and how does it reach the audience to which it is targeted?The answer is always 'both' and perhaps more, but the research is usually both but more narrowly focused. In the college-level classroom, students have probably already read or heard about the work of some of the authors. They have likely also been told what they should expect from the written work. They have probably als o been told to expect the research to be engaging, that it will be interesting and not boring, and that it should have an interesting thesis statement and appropriate conclusions.While these expectations are certainly important for students, they are not always enough to 'sell' a research article or an APA paper. Given these expectations, the students and faculty members take an active role in setting the stage for reading the paper. They make sure that the content is relevant to the course material, that it is carefully and intelligently presented, and that the conclusion or the way it links to other parts of the paper works well with the rest of the structure.Some faculty members, however, may find that they want to learn how to properly 'title' a research paper or original research, but have never found the opportunity as an adjunct to better use their time. The best way to learn how to do this is to ask for help, whether it comes from colleagues, a colleague's assistant, or a pr ofessional research assistance organization. These organizations provide free help for research advisors who want to learn how to appropriately title papers and research projects.Research projects and papers are often described as an 'investigative process' (APA 2020) or 'active participation' (APA 2020). The body of research takes up a great deal of time to prepare and to 'go through the motions.' How to title the paper reflects the amount of time, effort, and care the editor and/or reviewer has invested in preparing and reading the manuscript.Most professional organizations provide materials for authors to use when they want to learn how to properly 'title' a paper. Before the editor has to refer to 'the final report,' he or she can refer to 'the title,' 'the journal,' or 'the title (and a byline)'; and the reviewers can refer to 'the title (and a review)' or 'the final report.'Other information about how to title college papers can be found online. The American Psychological Asso ciation has a helpful page on how to do this. There are also guides for APA title editors and experts, University of California's Division of Undergraduate Education, and the U.S. Department of Education.

Personal Expressions Essay Topics

Personal Expressions Essay TopicsPersonal expressive essay topics are the most important part of any writing project. If you have an essay that you are not sure how to present, be sure to narrow down your options to the type of topics that interest you. Once you have narrowed your choices down to your most favorite topics, begin by writing your essay from those topics.Before you begin writing your essay, make sure that you have a reason for writing your essay. If you are writing your essay for a class, do you want to include information about yourself? Do you want to provide insights about a particular career opportunity? Is it because you would like to make a statement about a certain group of people? Or, do you want to write for personal enjoyment?When you begin to write your personal essay topics, it is important to remember to write concisely. If you keep on writing what seems to be more unnecessary information, you may not be able to finish your essay. Instead, write your essays as if you were writing it for yourself. This allows you to be more candid and accurate.Once you have written down a few of your personal expressive essay topics, you can now begin to research these topics. Ask other writers for advice about the topics that interest them. Ask a college instructor to help you with your topics as well. There are plenty of resources out there that you can use to find writing help.As you begin researching the topics that interest you, make sure that you read, and at least skim, every article that you can find on the topics that you want to write about. Researching and reading will allow you to gain a better understanding of the topics. The more you understand about the topics, the easier it will be to write about them in your essay. After all, your essay must be factual, easy to read, and intriguing.If you are going to ask for advice from other writers, it is a good idea to ask for a suggestion of a topic to write about. If you can come up with a topic that they would like to see used in your essay, it will help you gain a better understanding of what your topic is. You can then start thinking about your topic more deeply. That way, you can write a great essay.When you are beginning to write your essay, try to find a theme or a topic that you think will be interesting for your reader. Once you have written and researched the topics that you want to write about, you can then begin to focus on the writing. Remember to give your essay the best subject and writing that it can possibly have.

The Unhcr Geneva Placement Is The Perfect Internship For Me

I believe that the UNHCR Geneva Placement is the perfect internship for me to develop a deeper understanding of how international policies and organizations influence our response to the needs of the global refugee population. The UNHCR’s Community-Based Protection Unit (CBP) is attractive for several reasons. Obviously, interning at one of the world’s most influential humanitarian organizations is exciting in itself. But more importantly, the UNHCR is my top choice for of its impactful services, capacity to challenge my macro skills to the fullest, and because I would have the opportunity to collaborate in two areas of interest; improving outcomes of community-based initiatives such as cash-based interventions; and further developing gender equality advocacy. Furthermore, I am interested in the UNHCR Placement because it seeks to serve refugees and other stateless persons, populations that I have dedicated my studies and direct practice to over the past four years. In the past, I have lived and volunteered in different settings around the world, from a large city in Australia to a small agricultural town in Eastern Europe. During these experiences I have grown accustom to the demands brought upon by an unfamiliar environment as it pushes you to develop new relationships, learn the local language and become increasingly reliant on yourself as you navigate through its culture. I have faced the need to adapt and mature a few times in my life, the most recent being my timeShow MoreRelatedObtaining An International Placement Interests Me2243 Words   |  9 Pagesinternational placement interests me because it would present me with an invaluable opportunity to cultivate unique skills needed for a future career in international social work. The United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees’ Community-Based Protection Unit (UNHCR CBP) Geneva placement is the perfect internship for me to develop more insight into how international policies and org anizations influence our response to the needs of our global refugee population. The UNHCR CBP Geneva placement is my topRead MoreThe Unhcr Genevas Community Based Protection Unit ( Cbp ) Placement2139 Words   |  9 Pagesam interested in acquiring an international placement because it would present me with an invaluable opportunity to cultivate unique skills needed for a future career in international social work. The UNHCR Geneva’s Community-Based Protection Unit (CBP) placement is the perfect internship for me to develop a deeper understanding of how international policies and organizations influence our response to the needs of the global refugee population. The UNHCR is my top choice for several reasons: its

Punishment

Punishment-Justice for the Unjust Essay P A R T 4 Corrections RIGHTS OF THE CONVICTED AND IMPRISONED Common law, constitutional, statutory, and humanitarian rights of the convicted and imprisoned:  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ A right against cruel or unusual punishment A right to protection from physical harm A right to sanitary and healthy conditions of confinement A limited right to legal assistance while imprisoned A limited right to religious freedom while imprisoned A limited right to freedom of speech while imprisoned A limited right to due process prior to denial of privileges These individual rights must be effectively balanced against these public-order concerns:  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Punishment of the guilty Safe communities The reduction of recidivism Secure prisons Control over convicts The prevention of escape Rehabilitation Affordable prisons ISBN: 0-536-09974-X How does our system of justice work toward balance? Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Punishment—Justice for the Unjust? The great Christian writer C. S. Lewis (1898–1963) once remarked that if satisfying justice is to be the ultimate goal of Western criminal justice, then the fate of offenders cannot be dictated merely by practical considerations. â€Å"The concept of just desert is the only connecting link between punishment and justice,† Lewis wrote. â€Å"It is only as deserved or undeserved that a sentence can be just or unjust,† he concluded. Once a person has been arrested, tried, and sentenced, the correctional process begins. Unlike Lewis’s exhortation, however, the contemporary American correctional system—which includes probation, parole, jails, prisons, capital punishment, and a variety of innovative alternatives to traditional sentences—is tasked with far more than merely carrying out sentences. We also ask of our correctional system that it ensure the safety of law-abiding citizens, that it select the best alternative from among the many available for handling each offender, that it protect those under its charge, and that it guarantee fairness in the handling of all with whom it comes into contact. This section of Criminal Justice Today details the development of probation, parole, community corrections, and imprisonment as correctional philosophies; describes the nuances of prison and jail life; discusses special issues in contemporary corrections (including AIDS, geriatric offenders, and female inmates); and summarizes the legal environment which both surrounds and infuses the modern-day practice of corrections. Characteristic of today’s correctional emphasis is a society-wide push for harsher punishments. The culmination of that strategy, however, is dramatically overcrowded correctional institutions, the problems of which are also described. As you read through this section, encountering descriptions of various kinds of criminal sanctions, you might ask yourself, â€Å"When would a punishment of this sort be deserved? † In doing so, remember to couple that thought with another question: â€Å"What are the ultimate consequences (for society and for the offender) of the kind of correctional program we are discussing here? Unlike Lewis, you may also want to ask, â€Å"Can we afford it? † 12 Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections 13 14 Prisons and Jails Prison Life ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. C H A P T E R 12 Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to:  ¦ OUTLINE  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Introduction What Is Probation? What Is Parole? Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses The Legal Environment The Job of Probation and Parole Officers Intermediate Sanctions The Future of Probation and Parole  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Explain the differences between probation and parole, and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each. Describe in detail the legal environment surrounding the use of probation and parole, and know the names of significant court cases. Describe the federal probation system. Explain the nature of the job of probation and parole officers. List the advantages of intermediate sanctions over more traditional forms of sentencing. Describe the likely future of probation and parole. â€Å" This year, some 600,000 inmates will be released from prison back into society. We know from long experience that if they can’t find work, or a home, or help, they are much more likely to commit crime and return to prison. . . . America is the land of second chance, and when the gates of the prison open, the path ahead should lead to a better life. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. —President George W. Bush1 ISBN: 0-536-09974-X â€Å" Community corrections is an integral part of the criminal justice system and should be fully implemented and promoted in order to save expensive and scarce jail and prison space for violent and serious offenders. —National Association of Counties, Justice and Public Safety Steering Committee2 † ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Cr iminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. 452 PA R T 4 Corrections KEY CONCEPTS TERMS caseload community corrections community service conditions of parole (probation) home confinement intensive probation supervision (IPS) intermediate sanctions mixed sentence parole parole board parole (probation) violation parole revocation prisoner reentry probation probation revocation remote location monitoring restitution revocation hearing shock incarceration shock probation split sentence CASES Bearden v. Georgia Escoe v. Zerbst Gagnon v. Scarpelli Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates Griffin v. Wisconsin Mempa v. Rhay Minnesota v. Murphy Morrissey v. Brewer Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott U. S. v. Knights The original full-text court opinion for each of these cases is available on the CD-ROM that accompanies this book. Introduction Hear the author discuss this chapter at cjtoday. com On February 1, 2004, 11-year-old Carlie Brucia was abducted as she took a shortcut to her home from a slumber party at a friend’s house. Video footage of Carlie’s abduction was captured by an unattended car wash security camera, which showed the girl being grabbed by an unidentified man and led away. Carlie’s body was discovered days later in a church parking lot a few miles from her home. Shortly after her abduction, authorities announced the arrest of Joseph P. Smith, a 37-year-old auto mechanic and father of three who had a lengthy criminal record. Authorities charged Smith with Carlie’s murder and said that they would try him for first-degree homicide, kidnapping, and capital sex ual battery. It was soon learned that Smith had been arrested at least 13 times in Florida in the 11 years before Carlie’s abduction and had previously been charged with kidnapping and false imprisonment. Only a month before Carlie’s murder, a probation officer had asked a Florida judge to declare Smith a probation violator because of unpaid fines and court costs that he had been ordered to pay. The probation officer’s request was denied and Smith remained free. In 2005, convicted sex offender John Evander Couey, 46, was arrested and charged with the rape and murder of nine-year-old Jessica Lunsford of Homosassa, Florida. 4 Prosecutors revealed tear-jerking details of the last moments of Jessica’s life, saying that she had been tied up and buried alive, kneeling and clutching a purple stuffed dolphin. Like the Smith case, it turns out that Couey had a long record, including 24 arrests for burglary, carrying a concealed weapon, indecent exposure, and other offenses. He had previously been arrested and charged with fondling a child. Although Couey was sentenced to 10 years in prison, he was paroled in 1980 because of prison overcrowding. In yet another story that came out of Florida in 2005, the body of 13-year-old Sarah Lunde was discovered in a fish pond about a mile from her Hillsborough County home. 5 The man arrested in her killing, 36-year-old David Onstott, has a lengthy criminal record dating back to 1986, including charges of exual abuse and attempted murder. After his arrest Onstott confessed to choking Lunde and dumping her body near her home. Stories like those involving Brucia, Lunsford, and Lunde appear all too frequently in the media and cast a harsh light on the early release and poor supervision of criminal offenders. This chapter takes a close look at the realities behind the practice of what we call community corrections. Community corrections, also termed community-based corrections, is a sentencing style that depends less on traditional confinement options and more on correctional resources available in the community. Community corrections includes a wide variety of sentencing options, such as probation, parole, home confinement, the electronic monitoring of offenders, and other new and developing programs—all of which are covered in this chapter. Learn more about comCriminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.  ¦ Lecture Note Discuss community corrections, including its assumptions, its forms, and its prevalence. Class Activity Visit a local criminal court. Observe the sentencing choices of individual judges. Are some judges more likely to order probation than others? If so, how great is the difference? community corrections The use of a variety of officially ordered programbased sanctions that permit convicted offenders to remain in the community under conditional supervision as an alternative to an active prison sentence.  ¦ ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections CHAPTER 12 453 A car wash surveillance camera in Sarasota, Florida, showing 11-year-old Carlie Brucia being abducted in 2004. Brucia’s body was later discovered at a church three miles from the abduction site. Police quickly arrested Joseph P. Smith, 37, a chronic drug abuser with a long arrest record, and charged him with kidnapping and murder. Court records showed that Smith had violated the conditions of his probation and should have been imprisoned at the time of the abduction. In 2005, Smith was tried and convicted of kidnapping, raping, and strangling Brucia. AP Wide World Photos munity corrections by visiting the International Community Corrections Association via Web Extra 12–1 at cjtoday. com. What Is Probation? Probation, one aspect of community corrections, is â€Å"a sentence served while under supervision in the community. †6 Like other sentencing options, probation is a court-ordered sanction. Its goal is to retain some control over criminal offenders while using community programs to help rehabilitate them. Most of the alternative sanctions discussed later in this chapter are, in fact, predicated on probationary sentences in which the offender is ordered to abide by certain conditions—such as participation in a specified program—while remaining free in the community. Although the court in many jurisdictions can impose probation directly, most probationers are sentenced first to confinement but then immediately have their sentences suspended and are remanded into the custody of an officer of the court—the probation officer. Probation has a long history. By the fourteenth century, English courts had established the practice of â€Å"binding over for good behavior,†7 in which offenders could be entrusted into the custody of willing citizens. American John Augustus (1784–1859) is generally recognized as the world’s first probation officer. Augustus, a Boston shoemaker, attended sessions of criminal court in the 1850s and offered to take carefully selected offenders into his home as an alternative to imprisonment. 8 At first, he supervised only drunkards, but by 1857 Augustus was accepting many kinds of offenders and was devoting all his time to the service of the court. 9 Augustus died in 1859, having bailed out more than 2,000 convicts. In 1878, the Massachusetts legislature enacted a statute that authorized the city of Boston to hire a salaried probation officer. Missouri followed suit in 1897, along with Vermont (1898) and Rhode Island (1899). 0 Before the end of the nineteenth century, probation had become an accepted and widely used form of community-based supervision. By 1925, all 48 states had adopted probation legislation. In that same year, the federal government enacted legislation enabling federal district court judges to appoint paid probation officers and to impose probationary terms. 11 probation A senten ce of imprisonment that is suspended. Also, the conditional freedom granted by a judicial officer to a convicted offender, as long as the person meets certain conditions of behavior.  ¦ Lecture Note Explain probation as a sentence of imprisonment that is suspended. Tell the class that offenders who violate the conditions of probation may be sent to prison to serve the remainder of their sentences. ISBN: 0-536-09974-X The Extent of Probation Today, probation is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States. Between 20% and 60% of those found guilty of crimes are sentenced to some form of probation. Figure 12–1 shows that 59% of all offenders under correctional supervision in the United States Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Accepting released offenders into the community without a period of supervised release is morally unsatisfying; they have not yet earned their place at our table. —Jeremy Travisi 454 PA R T 4 Corrections CJ NEWS Getting Tough on Paroled Sex Offenders From the moment he enters the sex offender’s apartment, North Dakota parole officer Brian Weigel is looking for contraband. He kicks aside a blanket on the floor, peers down and spies a video game rated for mature players—complete with buxom computer-generated women on the cover. And despite protests from the man who lives here, the video game is coming with Weigel. In the year since college student Dru Sjodin was abducted from a North Dakota parking lot and killed, allegedly by a convicted sex offender, the state has worked to make its sex offender laws among the strictest in the nation. Officers such as Weigel have to determine whether an offender is sticking to restrictions that often include a ban on sexual material in the home. â€Å"There’s a real threat,† said Weigel, one of five sex offender specialists in the state’s parole and probation division. If these guys reoffend, there’s going to be another real victim out there. † Weigel’s unit is new, part of the state’s heightened enforcement since Sjodin’s abduction a year ago. The 22-year-old University of North Dakota student’s body was found in 2004 in a ravine in Minnesota. The man charged with abducting Sjodin and killing her, Alfonso Rodr iguez, is a convicted sex offender who had been released from prison six months before she disappeared. He has pleaded not guilty to a federal charge of kidnapping resulting in death. Prosecutors are seeking the death penalty. The passage of a year has not softened the blow for Sjodin’s family. â€Å"Every day weighs heavy in our hearts,† said Linda Walker, Sjodin’s mother. â€Å"There isn’t one day that we don’t think of her, even from the moment we wake up to the moment we go to sleep. † The case drew national attention as volunteers, National Guard soldiers and law enforcement officers searched the region for months, looking for Sjodin. Her body wasn’t found until after the snow melted. The U. S. Senate endorsed a bill called â€Å"Dru’s Law,† which would set up a national public database of sex offenders and require strict monitoring of high-risk sex offenders for a year after their release from prison. The bill was introduced by Sen. Byron Dorgan, D–N. D. ISBN: 0-536-09974-X University of North Dakota student Dru Sjodin, 22 (left), was abducted from a shopping mall, raped, and murdered in 2003. Known sex offender Alfonso Rodriguez, Jr. , 50 (right), stands accused of the crimes. He had been released from prison six months before Sjodin disappeared after having served 23 years for stabbing and trying to kidnap a young woman. Sjodin’s brutal murder has spurred both North Dakota and Minnesota (where Rodriguez lived) into making their sex offender laws among the toughest in the nation. Grand Forks Police Department, Reuters, Landov LLC, and AP Wide World Photos Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections CHAPTER 12 455 CJ NEWS (continued) â€Å"The entire country was looking for Dru Sjodin,† Dorgan said. The case was particularly troubling here and in neighboring Minnesota, where Rodriguez lived. The convicted rapist hadbeen released even though he had been classified as a Level 3 offender, meaning he had the highest risk of committing another sex crime. Both states have since moved to crack down on sex offenders. In North Dakota, the new parole unit is partnered with an expanded sex offender program at the state psychiatric hospital in Jamestown for the most serious sexual predators, who are recommended for civil commitment after their release. The number of people civilly committed has doubled to 23 in less than a year. In Minnesota, two separate commissions have been working on new sentencing guidelines since the Sjodin case. One plan would double the maximum sentences for sex crimes and impose a life term on any repeat sex offender. It also would set up a board to review the cases of inmates who have served their minimum sentences. More restrictions may be on the way. When North Dakota lawmakers convene their next session, they will face a list of proposals from a task force launched by Gov. John Hoeven. Among them are life sentences without parole for gross sexual offenses that result in death, and supervised probation for all other felony sex offenses. The panel also is seeking a stronger method of tracking sex offenders, using global positioning devices that could alert authorities to an offender’s location at all times, said Duane Houdek, an attorney for Hoeven. Although North Dakota’s crime rate remains low, getting tough on sex offenders will help preserve that security, said state Rep. Lois Delmore. â€Å"It means we’re not just assuming that we’re in North Dakota and everyone’s healthy and happy and things like this can’t happen,† she said. For the latest in crime and justice news, visit the Talk Justice news feed at http://www. crimenews. info. Source: â€Å"N. D. Is Tougher on Sex Offenders after Abduction Last Year: New Parole Unit Keeps Tight Guard,† Associated Press, November 21, 2004.  © Copyright Associated Press. All rights reserved. Distributed by Valeo IP. Valeo Clearance Lincense 3. 5721. 4501570-109704. as of January 1, 2005, were on probation. Not shown is that the number of offenders supervised yearly on probation has increased from slightly more than 1 million in 1980 to over 4 million today—almost a 300% increase. 12 Even violent offenders stand about a one in five chance of receiving a probationary term, as Figure 12–2 shows. A Bureau of Justice Statistics study of felony sentences found that 5% of people convicted of homicide were placed on probation, as were 21% of convicted sex offenders. 13 Twelve percent of convicted robbers and 30% of those committing aggravated assault were similarly sentenced to probation rather than active prison time. In one example, 47-year-old Carrie Mote of Vernon, Connecticut, was sentenced to probation for shooting her fiance in the chest with a . 38-caliber handgun after he called off their wedding. 4 Mote, who faced a maximum of 20 years in prison, claimed to be suffering from diminished psychological capacity at the time of the shooting because of the emotional stress brought on by the canceled wedding.  ¦ Lecture Note Referring to Figure 12–1, describe the percentages of individuals under the various types of correctional supervision in the United States. Ask why probation is such a commonly used alternative. FIGURE 12–1 Parole 11% Jail 10% Probation 59% ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Offenders under correctional supervision in the United States, by type of supervision. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Surveys. Prison 20% Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. 456 PA R T 4 Corrections FIGURE 12–2 Percentage of convicted felony offenders receiving probation, by type of crime. Source: Jodi M. Brown and Patrick A. Langan, Felony Sentences in the United States, 1996 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999). 40 35 30 25  ¦ Lecture Note Examine Figure 12–2. Ask the class to discuss the merits of granting probation to violent offenders. Clinton Vs. Lazio EssayParole fulfills a similar purpose for offenders released from prison. Both probation and parole provide a number of advantages over imprisonment, including these:  ¦ ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Lecture Note Describe probation and parole revocation. Explain that, in most cases, revocation orders can be issued only after a hearing in front of a neutral body and that certain procedures must be followed. Lower cost. Imprisonment is expensive. Incarcerating a single offender in Georgia, for example, costs approximately $39,501 per year, while the cost of intensive probation is as little as $1,321 per probationer. 0 The expense of imprisonment in some other states may be more than three times as high as it is in Georgia. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections CHAPTER 12 461  ¦ In creased employment. Few people in prison have the opportunity for productive employment. Work-release programs, correctional industries, and inmate labor programs operate in most states, but they usually provide only low-paying jobs and require few skills. At best, such programs include only a small portion of the inmates in any given facility. Probation and parole, on the other hand, make it possible for offenders under correctional supervision to work full-time at jobs in the â€Å"free† economy. Offenders can contribute to their own and their families’ support, stimulate the local economy by spending their wages, and support the government through the taxes they pay. Restitution. Offenders who are able to work are candidates for court-ordered restitution. Society’s interest in restitution may be better served by a probationary sentence or parole than by imprisonment. Restitution payments to victims may help restore their standard of living and personal confidence while teaching the offender responsibility. Community support. The decision to release a prisoner on parole or to sentence a convicted offender to probation is often partially based on considerations of family and other social ties. Such decisions are made in the belief that offenders will be more subject to control in the community if they participate in a web of positive social relationships. An advantage of both probation and parole is that they allow the offender to continue personal and social relationships. Probation avoids splitting up families, while parole may reunite family members separated from each other by a prison sentence. Reduced risk of criminal socialization. Criminal values permeate prisons; prison has been called a â€Å"school in crime. † Probation insulates adjudicated offenders, at least to some degree, from these kinds of values. Parole, by virtue of the fact that it follows time served in prison, is less successful than probation in reducing the risk of criminal socialization. Increased use of community services. Probationers and parolees can take advantage of services offered through the community, including psychological therapy, substance abuse counseling, financial services, support groups, church outreach programs, and social services. While a few similar opportunities may be available in prison, the community environment itself can enhance the effectiveness of treatment programs by reducing the stigmatization of the offender and by allowing the offender to participate in a more â€Å"normal† environment. Increased opportunity for rehabilitation. Probation and parole can both be useful behavioral management tools. They reward cooperative offenders with freedom and allow for the opportunity to shape the behavior of offenders who may be difficult to reach through other programs.  ¦ Lecture Note List and discuss each of the advantages of probation and parole, such as lower costs versus imprisonment, the opportunity for restitution, and the reduced risk of criminal socialization. Thematic Question How well do the terms imposed on probationers and parolees serve the rights of individuals? How well do they serve the needs of the community? What issues or needs are not addressed but should be? Lecture Note List and discuss the disadvantages of probation and parole, including the relatively low degree of punishment inherent in both options. Ask students to decide whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages and how such a decision might be reached in individual circumstances.  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Disadvantages of Probation and Parole Any honest appraisal of probation and parole must recognize that they share a number of strategic drawbacks, such as these:  ¦ Relative lack of punishment. The â€Å"just deserts† model of criminal sentencing insists that punishment should be a central theme of the justice process. While rehabilitation and treatment are recognized as worthwhile goals, the model suggests that punishment serves both society’s need for protection and the victim’s need for revenge. Many view probation, however, as practically no punishment at all and it is coming under increasing criticism as a sentencing strategy. Parole is likewise accused of unhinging the scales of justice because (1) it releases some offenders early, even when they have been convicted of serious crimes, while some relatively minor offenders remain in prison, and (2) it is dishonest because it does not require completion of the offender’s entire sentence behind bars. Increased risk to the community. Probation and parole are strategies designed to deal with convicted criminal offenders. The release into the community of such offenders increases the risk that they will commit additional offenses. Community supervision can never be so complete as to eliminate such a possibility, and evaluations of parole have pointed out that an accurate assessment of offender dangerousness is beyond our present capability. 31 Increased social costs. Some offenders placed on probation and parole will effectively and responsibly discharge their obligations. Others, however, will become social liabilities. In addition to the increased risk of new crimes, probation and parole increase the chance that added expenses will accrue to the community in the form of child support, welfare costs, housing expenses, legal aid, indigent health care, and the like. The abolition of parole has been tried and has failed on a spectacular scale. . . . The absence of parole means that offenders simply walk out the door of prison at the end of a predetermined period of time, no questions asked. —American Probation and Parole Association and the Association of Paroling Authorities International ISBN: 0-536-09974-X  ¦ Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. 462 PA R T 4 Corrections The Legal Environment  ¦ Thematic Question Do communities have the right to be informed when exconvicts are released from pri son? Do victims? How can we as a society balance the community’s right to selfprotection with individuals’ right to live where they choose, even in the case of ex-convicts? Lecture Note Explain that courts have not held probation and parole officers to the same standards as police officers in the gathering of evidence. Discuss the fact that probation and parole officers may turn incriminating statements made by clients over to prosecutors and that officers may enter a client’s home without a warrant.  ¦ revocation hearing A hearing held before a legally constituted hearing body (such as a parole board) to determine whether a parolee or probationer has violated the conditions and requirements of his or her parole or probation.  ¦ Thematic Question This textbook emphasizes the divergent orientations represented by individualrights advocates and publicorder advocates. In your opinion, which of the two perspectives would be most likely to favor the use of parole as a sentencing option? Which would favor probation? Why?  ¦ Thematic Question Consider the diverse sentencing goals identified in Chapter 11. Which of the goals identified there are most likely to be met through the use of probation? Which through parole? Why? Ten especially significant U. S. Supreme Court decisions provide the legal framework for probation and parole supervision. Among those cases, that of Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987)32 may be the most significant. In Griffin, the Supreme Court ruled that probation officers may conduct searches of a probationer’s residence without either a search warrant or probable cause. According to the Court, â€Å"A probationer’s home, like anyone else’s, is protected by the Fourth Amendment’s requirement that searches be ‘reasonable. ’† However, â€Å" State’s operation of a probation system . . . presents ‘special needs’ beyond normal law enforcement that may justify departures from the usual warrant and probable cause requirements. Probation, the Court concluded, is similar to imprisonment because it is a â€Å"form of criminal sanction imposed upon an offender after a determination of guilt. † Similarly, in the 1998 case of Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott,33 the Court declined to extend the exclusionary rule to apply to sea rches by parole officers, even where such searches yield evidence of parole violations. In the words of the Court, â€Å"he Court has repeatedly declined to extend the rule to proceedings other than criminal trials. . . The social costs of allowing convicted criminals who violate their parole to remain at large are particularly high . . . and are compounded by the fact that parolees . . . are more likely to commit future crimes than are average citizens. † In 2001, the case of U. S. v. Knights34 expanded the search authority normally reserved for probation and parole officers to police officers under certain circumstances. Mark James Knights was a California probationer who had signed a standard state probation form agreeing to waive his constitutional protection against warrantless searches as a condition of his probation. The form did not limit such searches to probation officers but instead required that Knights submit to a search at any time, with or without a search or arrest warrant or reasonable cause, by any probation or law enforcement officer. When Knights came under suspicion of setting a fire that caused $1. 5 million in damages, police officers searched his home without a warrant. The search uncovered evidence that implicated Knights in the arson. A federal district court granted a motion by Knights’ attorneys to suppress the evidence because the search was for police investigatory purposes, rather than for probationary purposes. The Ninth Circuit Court affirmed the lower court’s decision. The U. S. Supreme Court disagreed, however, and held that the warrantless search of Knights’ residence, â€Å"supported by reasonable suspicion and authorized by a probation condition, satisfied the Fourth Amendment . . . as nothing in Knights’ probation condition limits searches to those with a ‘probationary purpose. ’† Other court cases focus on the conduct of parole or probation revocation hearings. Revocation is a common procedure. Annually, about 26% of adults on parole and 25% of those on probation throughout the United States have their conditional release revoked. 35 The supervising officer may request that probation or parole be revoked if a client has violated the conditions of community release or has committed a new crime. The most frequent violations for which revocation occurs are (1) failure to report as required to a probation or parole officer, (2) failure to participate in a stipulated treatment program, and (3) alcohol or drug abuse while under supervision. 6 Revocation hearings may result in an order that a probationer’s suspended sentence be made â€Å"active† or that a parolee return to prison to complete his sentence in confinement. In a 1935 decision (Escoe v. Zerbst 37) that has since been greatly modified, the U. S. Supreme Court held that probation â€Å"comes as an act of grace to one convicted of a crime† and that the revocation of probation without hearing or notic e to the probationer is acceptable practice. In 1967, however, in the case of Mempa v. Rhay,38 the Warren Court changed direction and declared that both notice and a hearing were required. The Court also held that the probationer should have the opportunity for representation by counsel before a deferred prison sentence could be imposed. 39 Two of the most widely cited cases affecting parolees and probationers are Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)40 and Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973). 41 In Morrissey, the Court declared a need for procedural safeguards in revocation hearings involving parolees. After Morrissey, revocation proceedings would require that (1) the parolee be given written notice specifying the alleged violation; (2) evidence of the violation be disclosed; (3) a neutral and detached body constitute the hearing authority; (4) the parolee have the chance to appear and offer a defense, including testimony, documents, and witnesses; (5) the parolee have the right to cross-examine witnesses; and (6) a written statement be provided to the parolee at the conclusion of the hearing that includes the hearing body’s decision, the testimony considered, and reasons for revoking parole, if such occurs. 2 In 1973, the Court extended the procedural safeguards of Morrissey to probationers in Gagnon v. Scarpelli. Citing its own decision a year earlier in Morrissey v. Brewer, the Supreme Court ruled that probationers, because they face a substantial loss of liberty, were entitled to two hearings: (1) a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is â€Å"probable cause to believe that Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections CHAPTER 12 463 he has committed a violation of his parole† and (2) â€Å"a somewhat more comprehensive hearing prior to the making of the final revocation decision. † The Court also ruled that probation revocation hearings were to be held â€Å"under the conditions specified in Morrissey v. Brewer. † In Gagnon and later cases, however, the Court reasserted that probation and parole revocation hearings were not a stage in the criminal prosecution process, but a simple adjunct to it, even though they might result in substantial loss of liberty. The difference is a crucial one, for it permits hearing boards and judicial review officers to function, at least to some degree, outside of the adversarial context of the trial court and with lessened attention to the rights of the criminally accused guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. In 1997, the U. S. Supreme Court extended the rationale found in Morrissey and Gagnon to inmates set free from prison under early-release programs. In a unanimous decision, the Court held that â€Å"an inmate who has been released under a program to relieve prison crowding cannot be reincarcerated without getting a chance to show at a hearing that he has met the conditions of the program and is entitled to remain free. †43 In 1979, the case of Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates44 established that parole boards do not have to specify the evidence used in deciding to deny parole. The Greenholtz case focused on a Nebraska statute that required that inmates denied parole be provided with reasons for the denial. The Court held that reasons for parole denial might be provided in the interest of helping inmates prepare themselves for future review but that to require the disclosure of evidence used in the review hearing would turn the process into an adversarial proceeding. The 1983 Supreme Court case of Bearden v. Georgia45 established that probation could not be revoked for failure to pay a fine and make restitution if it could not be shown that the defendant was responsible for the failure. The Court also held that alternative forms of punishment must be considered by the hearing authority and must be shown to be inadequate before the defendant can be incarcerated. The Supreme Court decision stated that â€Å"f the State determines a fine or restitution to be the appropriate and adequate penalty for the crime, it may not thereafter imprison a person solely because he lacked the resources to pay it. †46 The Court held that if a defendant lacks the capacity to pay a fine or make restitution, then the hearing authority must consider any viable alternatives to incarceration before imposing a prison sentence. Finally, a probationer’s incriminating statements to a probation officer may be used as evidence if the probationer does not specifically claim a right against self-incrimination, according to Minnesota v. Murphy (1984). 47 According to the Court, the burden of invoking the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination lies with the probationer. An important legal issue today surrounds the potential liability of probation officers and parole boards for the criminal actions of offenders they supervise or whom they have released. Some courts have held that officers are generally immune from suit because they are performing a judicial function on behalf of the state. 48 Other courts, however, have indicated that parole board members who do not carefully consider mandated criteria for judging parole eligibility could be liable for injurious actions committed by parolees. 49 In general, however, most experts agree that WHAT WOULD YOU DO? The CD-ROM scenario for Chapter 12 is built around a real-life case that involved a warrantless search of a parolee’s place of residence by parole officers. Firearms were found at the parolee’s home, and he was arrested, based in part on that evidence. Work through the scenario using the CD-ROM found in your textbook to learn more about warrantless searches by probation and parole officers.  ¦ Thematic Question Is it appropriate for an offender to be given certain procedural considerations in probation or parole hearings that must nevertheless stop short of introducing an adversarial element into the proceedings? Explain. Thematic Question What competing needs and rights must parole boards weigh? Whose rights or needs should be given the greatest consideration?  ¦ ISBN: 0-536-09974-X Angel Coronado, 20, rushing through the door of the Huntsville (Texas) Prison Unit after being released due to overcrowding. Coronado, who has been in trouble nearly half his life, had spent nearly two years in a 6- by 10-foot cell by himself. The U. S. Supreme Court has held that â€Å"an inmate who has been released under a program to relieve prison crowding cannot be reincarcerated without getting a chance to show at a hearing that he has met the conditions and is entitled to remain free. Todd Bigelow Photography Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century, Ninth Edition, by Frank Schmalleger. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. 464 PA R T 4 Corrections A probation officer’s job can involve a wide variety of duties. Here, Georgia probation officers prepare to excavate a site at the Tri-State Crematory in Noble, Geo rgia, in 2002. Officials found the remains of hundreds of corpses on the crematory’s 16-acre grounds. The crematory’s operator, Ray Brent Marsh, was charged with 787 felony counts that include theft by deception, abuse of a corpse, and burial service fraud. He was also charged with 47 counts of making false statements to authorities. AP Wide World Photos A critical assessment of probation must begin by placing its ailments within the more encompassing and deeper crisis of legitimacy affecting the entire system of justice. —Reinventing Probation Council  ¦ parole board members cannot be successfully sued unless release decisions are made in a grossly negligent or wantonly reckless manner. 0 Discretionary decisions of individual probation and parole officers that result in harm to members of the public, however, may be more actionable under civil law, especially where their decisions were not reviewed by judicial authority. 51 The Job of Probation and Parole Officers The tasks performed by probation and parole officers are often quite similar. Some jurisdictions combine the roles of both into one job. This section describes the duties of probation and parole officers, whether separate or performed by the same individuals. Probation/parole work consists primarily of four functions: (1) presentence investigations, (2) other intake procedures, (3) needs assessment and diagnosis, and (4) client supervision. Where probation is a possibility, intake procedures may include a presentence investigation, which examines the offender’s background to provide the sentencing judge with facts needed to make an informed sentencing decision. Intake procedures may also involve a dispute-settlement process during which the probation o